by Legalnaija | Oct 14, 2023 | Uncategorized
ABSTRACT
Different criminal activities keep eating into the fabric of society in every corner of the world and everything and method put into action to curb these crime rates keeps proving abortive. Both the government and the security operatives are viewed as incompetent and carrying out their first duty which is the safety of the lives and property of every member of the state. This article views criminal behavior as a deliberate action from the mind and not a thing of mistake as every criminal action is planned and calculated. The history of criminal psychology and the different factors influencing criminal psychology are itemized and provide the possible way out of the menace.
KEYWORDS: Criminal, Psychology, Psychoses, Social media, Brainwash.
INTRODUCTION
Just recently, there was a trend of a video of a young boy, I think from the South American continent of around eight (8) to twelve (12) years old being asked what he wants to be when he grows up. He said he wants to be a killer with a happy expression. The Interviewer went further to ask him why he wants to be a killer and he said it feels good. He went further to say he is going to kill anybody he could come along his way. The Interviewer asks that will he kill his Mom and siblings too, and he made an exception for them. The Interviewer asks if he is going to kill her too and he also makes an exception for her.
One question that comes to mind is where did this young boy get the mindset to be a killer? Was anyone in his family once involved in the killing that the boy witnessed? What intrigued the inhuman thoughts in the people found in different criminal activities, was learned as they grow from friends social media, and movies or they were born with it and they had it in them all through their growth
This study tends to conduct in-depth research into the psychology of crime and what motivates criminals to do what they did.
The Research work will be adopting both a normative analysis and a critical analysis approach. In order to assess the coherence and validity of normative data, such as the legal principles, provisions of some textbooks, journals, discussions on the subject matter, and other pertinent laws, it is necessary to examine the doctrinal data first. One illustration is deciding if criminalizing behaviour committed by an individual is normatively coherent, but ignoring what may have ignited the thought and behaviour.[1] A critical analysis, on the other hand, examines electoral and democratic principles in existing literature and policy in order to assess and apply these concepts to justify the modification of election laws. Case laws and some textbooks will also be consulted through the research of this topic.
HISTORY OF CRIME PSYCHOLOGY
Right from the creation of the world, maybe we decide to go by the Biblical way, the scientific story of man, or the one told by different customs and traditions across the world, crime has been in existence for a long time. Most people often think that the first crime in the Bible started with Cain killing Abel[2] but no, the first crime in the Biblical story is the conspiracy Lucifer and some angel had against God,[3] it is no need to state here that conspiracy is a crime. This conspiracy which played out in both Lucifer’s and Cain’s issues is an issue of the mind. The idea of rebelling against God his master and killing his brother started and was perfectly played out in their minds. This is to let you know that crime has been in existence for a very long time and it lives with us, we are born in it and we grow in it. However, it is left to an individual whether to develop and go into crime or just live a normal life devoid of crime.
The study of criminal psychology began in the late 17th century seeing the great crime rate increasing side every day around the world. Both frightening and interesting, the thinking of a known criminal. The usefulness of a quantitative record of criminal activity was highlighted by Sir William Petty and Bentham campaigned for the courts to maintain a statistical record of criminal convictions in 1778.[4]
The development of human behavior began with the establishment of tiny towns and villages in agricultural regions, and the application of the intellect to satisfy the needs of the body and its associated systems. Who began communal living first is still unclear. It is certain, however, that it began close to water sources where there was both vegetation and meat to be had. The supernatural, mysticism, and magic were also used in early attempts to comprehend human behavior. Long before Freud, people believed that dreams had meaning, and we continue to learn about ‘mental dynamics.’
‘Extrasensory perception (ESP) is an old idea that is enjoying much current study. It is based on the ‘psychic power’ enabling people to communicate with unseen and unheard people and other sources and that ‘The witch doctor or medicine man or shaman became the interpreters of ‘law’ or conforming behavior.’[5]
The separation of the ‘mind’ and ‘body’ in early philosophies led to paradoxes in our understanding of how people behave.
Behaviorism in modern experimental psychology holds that anything that cannot be defined, observed, and measured is ‘mentalistic’ and subjective. Subjective data pertains to personal experience bound by past and present awareness and interpretation. Objective data or ‘veridical domain’ refers to data that can be observed and are available to everybody. Experimental psychologists and many social scientists are concerned only with objective data, while many clinicians, including clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, and psychiatric social workers, are concerned with personal awareness and perception, experience, and the perspective of the patient.[6]
In contrast to scientists, religious philosophers place more emphasis on the latter. To determine whether intentions were good or evil and the behaviors that resulted from those intentions from realistic viewpoints, the debate’s goal was to examine the relationship between the mind and body. It has helped us to comprehend human behavior, especially criminal activity that is motivated by retaliation (also known as Actus Reus or Mens Rea) and related to purpose. A significant component of the interactions between Mens Rea and Actus Reus remained unexplored due to disagreements over criminal behavior and its causes.
Understanding criminal behavior and recommending corrective actions through the criminal justice system are based on criminality. The focus is on the types of crimes that are committed and how they are categorized per local law and social norms, with any imposed restrictions. The two primary aspects of the crimes, the Public Wrong and the Moral Wrong are mostly used to categorize and decide upon them. Mala in prohibita and Mala in se are two additional ways to distinguish between criminal offenses. The purpose of this example is to demonstrate how criminal behavior is consistent among those involved in comparable crimes and when criminal conduct is regarded to be a crime.
It should however be noted that any background can be used as justification for committing a crime, but in this section, it will be highlighted as to who commits what crimes and under what conditions. The fundamental notion regarding the commission of crimes is to comprehend the operation of a sense of capability. Human behavior is unique to each individual, and there may be many more causes than those covered in this article. It is important to emphasize that although man prefers easy, he must work hard to obtain relaxation.
Quarreling is defined as a physical altercation, a heated argument, or the exchange of insults, taunts, threats, or accusations between two people. These crimes are perpetrated by people who are aggressive and violent by temperament, but not to the point where they would hurt their adversaries physically. Most often, they are the ones that try to force others to follow the rules and procedures, whether they agree with them or not. They intimidate or abuse one another when they argue at a distance, yet they argue with one another face-to-face without being physical. However, their “Sense of Capability” prevents them from resorting to actual violence while they are blaming or arguing. The other type of abuse involves wrongly using someone, with or without their consent, by using their environment and circumstances to force them to participate in the abuse. Legally abusing is ‘deviating from legal or reasonable use of words or force in dealing with a person or thing. Injury to the mind, emotions, body, or sexual organs can come from physical or mental abuse.’[7] Because they lack the confidence to endure more than verbal abuse or to confront any retaliatory force, the perpetrators of these crimes choose weaker individuals as their targets, such as children, women, elderly or young people, and any type of subordinates.
Offenders of violent crimes physically damage others, whether or not there is a motive or animosity between them. Most often, people with anxiety or high blood pressure would commit these kinds of actions, which are both crimes and offenses, to fulfill their unfulfilled aspirations and desires. They would have unfinished wills that date back to their childhood, adolescence, or young. These individuals lack patience, thus they respond quickly to any unfavorable circumstance by hurting an adversary or creating property harm. Some people carry out these crimes to extort money under duress, while others do so out of passion or to fulfill their nasty fantasies. In every one of these situations, their “sense of capability” allowed them to act improperly regardless of the damage that resulted. The violence primarily manifests as an individual or group act. In cases of personal violence, the goal is to lessen or hinder the opponents’ capacity for competition by inflicting harm that results in a loss or some kind of temporary or permanent disability. Collective violence typically disrupts or harms the daily activities of the public, causing losses for the country.
Philosophy, medicine, law, and biology were the four main pillars of the creation of criminal psychology. Before there was criminal psychology, there was a debate in criminal law between medical specialists and court judges over how to proceed in the majority of instances, which prompted the formation of a specialized field for individualized investigations and assessments of suspects. Criminal anthropology[8], which focuses more on systemic characteristics of crime than specific suspects and court cases, is considered to be a subfield of the larger discipline of criminology, which is often regarded as having criminal psychology as a forerunner.[9]
CRIME AND OTHER TERMINOLOGIES
Offenses are felonies, unlawful deeds, omissions, or circumstances that usually result in court-ordered criminal prosecutions. In every society, the State establishes some crimes as offenses by codification, and when these crimes are committed, police or investigation agencies are triggered to take action, bring the criminals to justice, and punish them.
An act or omission which renders the person doing the act or making the omission liable to punishment under this Code, or any Act, or law, is called an offense.[10]
However, C. M. V. Clarkson defines it as;
Criminal law sets standards that largely reflect community values of what is wrong and harmful. By setting these standards and punishing those who do not conform to them, lawmakers hope to strengthen respect for the standards and encourage people to comply with them. It is not enough simply to lay down these standards. They must be communicated to the public and potential wrongdoers. This communication must be in a language and in a form that is accessible and comprehensible to such a person.[11]
Offenses’ primary distinction from crimes is their widespread notoriety. The State declares an offense through legislation, which is publicized in the media and printed materials. Once something is classified as an offense, the public must refrain from it, and the job of the police to enforce it. Although there is a saying that ‘ignorance of the law is no excuse,[12]’The State also has to make sure that it receives widespread attention and has room for the general population to follow it. Except for special laws designed for particular objectives, no law can be enforced alone. All parties involved retain the right to know the specifics of this case as well. The knowledge of the seriousness of the offense and the punishment may serve as a check on the ‘sense of capability’ of some wrongdoers.
To operate daily operations smoothly in society, many issues are jointly agreed upon as laws or norms. Although many tiny transgressions or errors go unnoticed by the broader public, they have a significant impact on an individual’s future success. As an illustration, taking favorite foods away from kids without their consent, lying to get out of a situation where you might otherwise become angry, or berating others for trivial things are some examples. A pang of guilt known as sin is not the same as a crime or an offense. The Bible did not categorically defines the term sin, however, sin could, regardless of religion, be defined as;
Breaking God’s law and ordains or behavior that is against the principles of
morality. It may be an offense against convention that is considered contrary to common sense and that is fatal to the salvation of the soul.[13]
Sin causes a person’s personality to feel guilty, which prepares them for punishment.[14] To ensure that they are brought to justice, they continue to sin or commit crimes as a result of their newly found ‘sense of capability.’ Vice is any moral sentiment, ethical shortcoming, evil, corruption, flaw, or violation of one’s religious commitments. Fornication, cheating, backbiting, drunkenness, and other vices are among the numerous that fall under the criminal category. Having a guilty conscience maintains the criminal in a constant state of restlessness and mental disturbance, whereas punishment gives the convict a sense of satisfaction while relieving their social and emotional suffering. The possibility for guilty-conscious people has also been supplied by religious and social peers. They can confess their faults to God and repent, or they can submit to the law or go into confessional boxes as an alternative.[15]
Till tomorrow, every author will be creative with the right definition of the term crime. Just like the proverbial elephant and the group of blind men, everyone will define the term from their point of view. It is often viewed as;
Any act of wickedness or sin. In everyday use, the word often carries overtones of immorality and wrongdoing. The links between morality and criminal law have been very strong.[16]
An unlawful act or default is an offense against the public and renders the person guilty of the act liable to legal punishment.[17]
The Latin word, crimen, from which ‘crime’ is derived, means an accusation, a tort,
or wrong was done by one individual against another.[18]
Crimes typically involve actions that affect the public in some way, as opposed to merely interfering with private rights. The State is the public’s defender of rights under modern law. The distinction between the laws governing civil and criminal procedures highlights the public aspect of a crime. Therefore, subject to certain restrictions, any citizen may file a criminal complaint, regardless of whether he has experienced a direct injury.
In practice, of course, a vast majority of prosecutions are carried on by the police or other public officers who have no personal interest in the outcome. The individual who starts a prosecution may not discontinue it at will for it is not only his concern but that of every citizen. The initiator of the prosecution has no power to pardon the offender. This right belongs to the State, which represents the public interest in the matter.[19]
Making crimes a public wrong is necessary so that the efficacy of a criminal’s ‘sense of capability’ can be recognized and dealt with by the appointed administrative appointees, such as the police and other law enforcement authorities. The use of the guilty party’s ‘sense of capability,’ which is otherwise extremely difficult to judge at an individual level or in isolation, can be easily identified by reviewing the record of available evidence related to the commission of crimes. Based on this, the state can take corrective action to reduce crime both generally throughout the dominion and in the impacted areas in particular.
[1] Hutchinson T. & Duncan. (2012). Defining and Describing What We Do; Doctrinal Legal Research. New Jersey. Deakin Law Review. Vol. 17 No. 1.
[2] Genesis 4: 1-7See also https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%204&version=NLV
[3] Isaiah 14:13-14; See also How, why, and when did Satan fall from heaven? Retrieved from https://www.gotquestions.org/Satan-fall.html
[4] Sellin, (1964). The MeasuTement of Delinquency. 7-8.
[5] Vernon Fox. (1976). Introduction to Criminology. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., 8-9.
[6] Ibid. 11.
[7] Bryan A Garner. (2007). Black’s Law Dictionary (8ed.) St Paul: West Group. 10.
[8] Anthropological criminology. Retrieved from https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropological_criminology
[9] Vec Milos (September 2007). The mind on the stage of justice: the formation of criminal psychology in the 19th century and its interdisciplinary research. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18173066/
[10] Section 2 Criminal Code of Nigeria
[11] C.M.V. Clarkson. (2001). Understanding Criminal Law (3ed.) London: Sweet & Maxwell. 9.
[12] Ignorantia juris non excusat
[13] A. S. Hornby. (1974) Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Oxford: Oxford University Press. 800.
[14] Romans 6:23; See also ‘For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord.’ Retrieved from https://biblehub.com/romans/6-23.htm
[15] Romans 3:23; for all have sinned, and come short of the glory of God Retrieved from https://www.bible.com/bible/1/ROM.3.23.KJV; See also 1 John 1:19; If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just to forgive us our sins, and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness Retrieved from https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/1-John-1-9/
[16] L. B. Curzon. (1997). Criminal Law (2ed.) Plymouth: M & E Handbooks. 7.
[17] Halsbury’s Laws of England. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-bd&q=Halsbury%E2%80%99s+Laws+of+England+definition+of+crime
[18] Vernon Fox (1976). Introduction to Criminology. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc. 27.
[19] Imran A. K. Nyazee. (2002) General Principles of Criminal Law (2ed.) Rawalpindi, F L H, 2002. 15-16; See also Ikomi v. State 1986 3 NCR, ALR 341; Okoli v. State 1992 6 NWLR Pt. 247 381; Abacha v. State 2002 100 LRCN 1588.
by Legalnaija | Sep 21, 2023 | Uncategorized
Amanda Nneoma Uzoagba
Amanda Nneoma Uzoagba is an Entertainment Lawyer, Award-Winning Author, Film, TV & Music Business Executive/Consultant, Public Speaker, Legal Educator and Podcaster (Founder of ‘Dear Creator Podcast’ and the co-host of Legal Avenue Podcast with Lola OJ & Mandy). She holds a degree in law (LL.B) from the University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN) and was called to bar in 2017. She is currently a Senior Legal Executive at EbonyLife Group, which is a prominent player in the African entertainment industry. Amanda has facilitated many events, conferences, and webinars targeted at educating and enlightening entertainers, entrepreneurs and creatives, on the protection of their intellectual property rights, and creative works.
She has more than eight years of experience in the Entertainment Industry, starting out as a blogger and PR consultant for Record Labels before she was called to the Nigerian Bar. As a Film, TV and Music Business Executive, she has worked on more than six big budget productions exhibited in theatres and on international streaming platforms. She has worked on a variety of co-production, development and production deals with international studios such as Netflix, Sony, BBC, Westbrook, AMC, Amazon Prime etc. Within the music industry, she has represented artists (big and underground artists), music producers, songwriters and record labels through record label deals, publishing and distribution deals as well as helping them navigate the complex legal landscape of the music business.
In 2019, Amanda launched her consultancy firm called Goldwhisk Consult, a boutique consulting firm which focuses on the Entertainment and Creative Business providing a range of services related to the legal and business aspects of the entertainment industry. Her diverse background and extensive experience makes her a prominent figure in the intersection of law and the entertainment industry in Nigeria and across the world. She not only provides legal counsel but also actively contributes to the education and development of professionals in this field through her coaching network tagged #LegalCoachingbyMandy for Law Students and Young Lawyers.
Rita Anwiri Chindah
Rita Anwiri Chindah (@esmeraldoesq) is a lecturer at the Rivers State University. An intellectual property consultant for IGA Nigeria Limited who is the Heritage Consultant for the Lagos State Government where she provides legal advice on how to commercialise and monetize the culture, tourism, and heritage of Lagos State by exploring the intangible asset the state has.
She holds a master’s degree in intellectual property and Information Technology from the University of Derby, United Kingdom. The podcast host of #IPSERIES which features conversations on recent intellectual property cases and development globally & has 113 episodes published with 21 blog post editions on Substack.
Part of the team that drafted the Rivers State ICT Policy, a 3 time Judge for the Adavize Alao Essay Competition on Privacy Data Protection in 2019, 2020 & 2021. A member of the “Technical Working Group ” drafting the Geographical Indication Law for Nigeria in collaboration with African Intellectual Property Rights & Innovation in Africa (AfrPi) & Africa International Trade and Commerce Research (AITCR) sponsored by the EU. As Chief Convener of the Intellectual Property Society of Nigeria (IPSN) my team and I have organized two virtual conferences which took place every last Friday in October and celebrated one World Intellectual Property Day.
A member of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (CIARB) Young Members Group (YMG) Global Steering Committee. Current PRO of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators Port Harcourt Chapter, Pro-Term Secretary Young Members Group of Chartered Institute of Arbitrators Port Harcourt Chapter. A legal adviser for the Rivers State Musician Guild and she has spoken at various intellectual property events both physically and virtually Charter President Rotary Club of Port Harcourt, Greenbelt.
Akinyemi Ayinoluwa
Akinyemi Ayinoluwa (akinyemilaw) is a Partner and Co-founder at HighTower Solicitors and Advocates. His music law practice focuses on the representation of recording artists, songwriters, record producers, record labels, investors in music, and talent managers. He is often recommended as a lawyer who breathes, drinks and eats music. Akinyemi’s past legal experience includes: Associate at Wemimo Ogunde & Co and Awokoya & Co. Prior to qualifying as a lawyer, he was a songwriter, recording artist, composer and performer; he was the lead singer of the defunct 100 degrees boy band.
He has authored numerous articles in the field of music law, estate planning, commercial transactions, and regularly gets invited to deliver speeches and courses about these subjects. On a small number of clients, Akinyemi functions as a business manager, as well as the lawyer. In recent years, Akinyemi has built up a formidable roster of hit making producer clients from Afrobeats: Magicsticks, NIPHKEYS, Andre Vibes, Kukbeatz, Masterkraft, Blaq Jerzee, ID Cabasa, Northboi, Rexxie, Jaypizzle, RunCheck, Larry Lanes, Tuzi, and many others.
Akinyemi Ayinoluwa prides himself in helping clients understand the value of their intellectual property rights and to be mindful of the exploitation that is rampant in the industry. Akinyemi’s zeal and passion for education has also caused him to design educational resources for recording artists, record producers and beatmakers.
Beverley A Agbakoba
Beverley A Agbakoba-Onyejianya @maxxyb is currently a Partner, and Head of the Sports, Entertainment and Tech practice at Olisa Agbakoba Legal. She is also a regulatory and compliance professional. Beverly is called to the Nigerian and UK bar, she also sits on the panel of neutrals at the Lagos Multi Door Court and the Lagos Court of Arbitration.
She has over 19 years professional experience in the banking and capital markets sectors in the United Kingdom and Nigeria. Her broad experience in the regulatory and compliance industry covers investment banking, brokerage and fund management sectors and has seen her hold various leadership roles in regulatory and compliance sector. She is a member of the Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG) Sports thematic Industry group on Alternative Dispute Resolution and Youth Policy Development.
She is also a member of the Lagos Divisional Football Association and a Mediator -Football Tribunal at Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). Beverley is recognised as a thought leader in sports law and has co – authored, authored and published numerous articles and materials on sports law, entertainment law, corporate governance including the A to Z of Sports Law in Nigeria.
Beverley is the founder of Lagos Tigers Football Club – a youth academy and is passionate about youth sports development. She is regularly invited to speak at international and national conferences on sports governance, intellectual property, regulatory and compliance, and personal development. Beverly is a member of faculty at the Entertainment Law Mastery class scheduled for the 28th and 29th of September,2023.
Olayemi Oladapo
Olayemi Oladapo is a Nigerian music executive and lawyer based in the UK. He currently serves as the International Partner Manager for Middle East & Africa at PRS for Music, the UK’s Collective Management Organisation. In this capacity, he oversees the company’s partners located in the Middle East and African regions.
Previously, Olayemi managed legal and licensing operations for Mavin Records for 2 years before being promoted to the role of Publishing & Licensing Manager. During his tenure, he played a key role in establishing the label’s Music Publishing division over the following two years.
Following that, he a launched a boutique law practice for creatives called Uxbridge LP where he represented artists and producers on deals with major labels and publishers. Olayemi boasts extensive experience working with licensing and publishing partners globally, successfully negotiating and finalizing numerous sync and other licensing deals. Additionally, he co-founded Second Summer, a talent management company.
Charles Ajiboye
A result oriented lawyer, author, speaker, chartered mediator and chartered conciliator. A Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Mediators and Conciliators(ICMC), a Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Auctioneers, an Associate of the Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators of Nigeria(ICSAN), and an Advisor at the Institute for productivity and Business Innovation Management(IPBIM). He is a Chartered Secretary and a Certified Board Evaluator.
Charles is extremely creative and innovative. He is an artist and an art collector and has had both a solo and collaborative art exhibition to showcase his works. He represents several creatives across several emerging industry. He has provided Digital Legal Services and worked with several Tech. Companies, Fin. Techs and Start-ups with a cumulative investor funding in excess of USD50million, including Cars45, Dealdey, Stutern, CarsBazr e.t.c. He has served on several boards of companies including the Manufacturers Resource Centre Limited owned by Manufacturers Association of Nigeria which has over 2,500 Nigerian manufacturing companies as members among others.
He is Executive Partner, The Penthouse Law; Founder, IC-CUBE Nigeria; Chairman; Penthouse Gardens Ltd. and CA Collections and the National Assistant Publicity Secretary of the Nigerian Bar Association.
His awards include ESQ Rising Star Award, for 40 under 40 changing the face of law in Africa, Business day fastest growing Law firm of 2019 Award, Trek Africa Lawyer of the Year Award, STN Best Brain of the year award, All Times Transcendant Leadership Award, Most technology driven law firm of 2019 Award and Young Entrepreneur of the year award by Ideation Hub Africa.
He has been featured by various electronic and print media such as Channels TV, TV Continental, Galaxy TV, African Independent TV, Lagos TV, Thisday, Punch, The Sun and The Nation Newspapers and City People magazine and several online platforms as one of the leading lights in youth advocacy and silent change agents in Nigeria. He serves as Patron of several Youth Organizations and he is a Knight of St. Mulumba (KSM) in the Catholic Church
He is the Convener of the nearly 1,000 lawyer-members, Law As A Business Community, National Chess Tournament for Lawyers, and the IC-CUBE National Start-Up Conference. In the 4years the conference held, it gathered over 3,000 youths and sustained the partnership of global brands.
Charles is a fitness enthusiast and a Member of Ikoyi Club 1938 where he swims or play golf in his spare time. He is married with children.
by Legalnaija | Sep 18, 2023 | Uncategorized
Corporate Commercial law governs the way things are done in relation to Companies and the exchange of goods and services.
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by Legalnaija | Sep 11, 2023 | Uncategorized
INTRODUCTION
In Nigeria, aviation services like any other business are regulated and administered by legislation which sets the course for legal and governance frameworks required to legitimately carry on aviation services classified as air transport or air operating services and allied aviation services in Nigeria. This article shall further consider the categories of air operations, registration and licensing requirements spelt out by the Corporate Affairs Commission Checklist 2022, and the Nigerian Civil Aviation Regulation 2022, (Nig. Cars 2022). For the purpose of this article, focus shall be given to Part 18 of Nig Cars 2023, (“IS 18 Nig Cars 2023”) which addresses civil aviation air transport economic activities.
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
The aviation industry in Nigeria is primarily overseen by the Federal Ministry of Aviation, which is responsible for the formulation of aviation policies. There are also other government bodies governing and regulating other aviation services in Nigeria such as:
- the Nigerian Airspace Management Agency, established under the Nigerian Airspace Management Agency (Establishment, etc) Act 1999 (NAMA), which provides air traffic and navigation services; and
- the Federal Airport Authority of Nigeria, established under the Federal Airports Authority Act 1996 (FAAN), is responsible for the development, provision and maintenance of airports and associated services.
- the Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority (NCAA), established under the Nigerian Civil Aviation Act 2022 (CAA). It is worthy to note that the CAA empowers the NCAA to among other things make Regulations for air operations and issue the required license, permit, and certificate once the air carrier establishes that it has complied with the requirements of the Corporate Affairs Commission, (CAC).
As a matter of fact, while the CAC[1] prescribes the share capital thresholds for carrying out aviation services, the type of authorization issued establishes compliance with the precursory requirements. These thresholds are as follows:
- Air transport (Local): NGN 500 million
- Air transport (Regional): NGN1 Billion
- Air transport (International): NGN 2 Billion
- Air ambulance, fumigation and private jet: NGN 20 Million
- Air transport training institutions: NGN 2 Million
- Aviation (Ground Handling Services): NGN 500 Million
- Agents of foreign Airlines: NGN 1 Million
- Travel/Tours: NGN30 Million.
LICENSING
Having satisfied the registration requirements, authorization for commercial air operations could be in form of a license, permit and/or any other authorization depending on the nature of the aviation services.
IS 18.2 Nig. Cars 2023 prescribes four types of authorisations issued by NCAA for commercial flight operations’ discussed below:
- Air Transport License (ATL).
ATL is obtained and renewed by the grant of written application and compliance with the requirements for grant and renewal respectively. The said license is issued by NCAA for carriage of passengers, mail, and cargo by air. ATL is valid for a period of five (5) years and is subject to renewal every five years on expiration of the initial term. Amongst other things, the ATL holder may be required to demonstrate its ability to continue to meet the terms and conditions set forth in the CAA, otherwise, the NCAA can suspend or revoke an ATL if the holder of the ATL contravenes the terms and conditions set forth in the Act, Nig. Cars, rules and orders made thereunder.
- Air Operating Permit (AoP).
This applies to the permit issued by NCAA for commercial carriage of passengers, mail, and cargo for non-scheduled and charter services, it is usually obtained and renewed by the grant of written application and compliance with the procedures for grant or renewal required by NCAA. The AoP is valid for a period of three years and is subject to renewal every three (3) years. However, the NCAA can suspend or revoke an AoP if the holder contravenes the terms and conditions set forth in the CAA, Nig. Cars, rules and orders made by NCAA.
- Air Travel Organiser License (ATOL).
ATOL is applicable to tour organisers who are engaged in holiday travels, tour packages, special events, and religious pilgrimages, and can be obtained and renewed by the grant of a written application and compliance with the requirements for grant or renewal submitted to NCAA. An ATOL is valid for a period of 2 years and subject to renewal every two years. However, NCAA can suspend or revoke an ATOL, where the holder contravenes the terms and conditions provided by the in the CAA, Nig. Cars, Rules and orders made by the NCAA.
- Permit for Aerial Aviation Services, (PAAS).
PAAS is applicable to aerial work operations, flying club, flying school and such other services as may be designated by the NCAA from time to time. It can be obtained and renewed by the grant of written application and compliance with the requirements for grant or renewal required by NCAA. A PAAS is valid for a period of three (3) years and subject to renewal every three (3) years on expiration of the initial term. NCAA can suspend or revoke a PAAS in the format specified in the Regulations where the holder contravenes the terms and conditions provided by the CAA, Nig Cars, Rules, and order made by the NCAA. An applicant of a PAAS shall not be incorporated under Part C of the Companies and Allied Matters Act and any amendments, thereof. Also, the issuance of a security clearance by the relevant agency should precede the issuance of a PAAS.
On 10 July 2023, the NCAA released a public statement directing all right holders to among other things comply with the following[2]:
- Renew current license/certifications pursuant to Nig.CARs 2023 except for subsisting certificates, licenses, permits, authorisations issued under Nig.CARs 2015, which will remain valid until expiration.
- Submit all applications for variation and renewal of licenses/certificates before the effective date pursuant to Nig.CARs 2023.
- Submit all applications for variation and renewal of licenses/certificates before the effective date which is currently at the document evaluation phase of the licensing/certification process pursuant to the Nig.CARs 2023.
- Ensure all applications for initial issue of licenses/certificates at the document evaluation phase of their licensing/certification are processed from the effective date pursuant to the provisions of the Nig. CARs 2023.
In addition to the above directive, on 11th August 2023, NCAA further directed all air operators to comply with the Nig. CARs 2023 on insurance coverage[3].
Specifically, IS 18.14.1.1 of the Nig. Cars 2023 provides amongst other things that all airlines and other allied aviation service providers must NOT operate without:
- Adequate and valid insurance cover;
- Submit to the NCAA copies of valid insurance certificates, evidence of payment of premium and other policy documents of insurance cover of not less than three (3) months as specified in provision.
- Have adequate insurance documentation which must be renewed before the expiration of the current policy and be submitted to the NCAA as soon as such renewal is effective.
It should further be stated that non-adherence with these obligations will attract immediate sanctions which extends to grounding the specific aircraft and taking enforcement action against any defaulting airline/service provider.
AIR OPERATIONS.
The scope of air operations for the purpose of this article shall be limited to commercial air operations classified into three categories now discussed as follows:
1.Domestic Operations[4]
Generally, commercial domestic operations are classified as scheduled air transport, aerial aviation services, and organized package tours.
Where the operator carries on scheduled air transport between two or more states in Nigeria, such operator is expected to notify the NCAA of its operational routes, the frequency(ies) of operations and the fares to be charged before commencement of operations.
It shall also be required to apply for the relevant applicable license alongside obtaining an Air Operator Certificate (AOC); ensure compliance with the provisions of the CAA, Nig. Cars and other directives made thereunder; show proof of adequate insurance cover for passengers, cargo and third party. However, holders of AOC are not required to obtain flight clearances from the Authority prior to undertaking non-scheduled international operations, however, they are required to depart and enter the country through designated customs aerodromes. In addition, non-scheduled operators shall submit the passenger and cargo manifests, airway bills and client services invoices to the NCAA.
1.1Aerial Aviation Services, (AAS).
AAS are services which include aerial mapping, aerial survey, crop spraying, aerial advertisement, flying club, flying school and such other services as may be designated by the NCAA from time to time. Domestic operators who are holders of Permit Aerial Aviation Services, (PAAS) qualify to carry on AAS and are further required to obtain Safety Certificates from the NCAA before commencing this service. They are also restricted from engaging in any form of carriage of passengers, cargo or mail for hire and reward and any form of operation different from those specified in their Permits.
1.2Self-Handling Services, (SHS).
SHS is a situation in which airport users directly provide one or more categories of ground handling services to the exclusion of contracts with third party providing such services. For the purpose of this regulation, the airport users shall not consider one another as third parties if a private entity holds a majority in another entity and where a single entity has a majority holding in each i.e domestic airlines are considered to operate independently. These operators are required to obtain approval from NCAA after duly fulfilling the statutory requirements as specified by IS 18.12 Nig. Cars 2023 which is applicable to the collection and remittance of all sale and sundry charges.
1.3Organized Package Tour, (OPT)
OPT applies to holders of Air Travel Organiser License (ATOL). OPT are expected to operate within the conditions specified in their license and shall not engage in aircraft operations. They are to have current and adequate bank/insurance bonds to cover their operations.
Before operation commences, license and permit holders must obtain an air operator certificate and meet certain requirements, including providing adequate insurance cover for passengers, cargo and third parties. Permit holders engaged in cargo operations must obtain air operator certificates from the NCAA before operations commence.
2.Regional and International Operations by Nigerian Airlines
An air carrier permit (ACP) is issued by the NCAA to designated Nigerian airlines on regional and international routes, subject to the airline fulfilling the requirements specified in this Regulation. The Nig.Car also mandates all Nigerian airlines designated on regional and international routes to obtain safety certificates to maintain adequate financial standing for their flight operations and show evidence of domestic operations for at least six (6) months.
3.Foreign Airline Operations in and out of Nigeria
IS 18 Nig.Cars 2023 contains specific regulations for commercial air transport by foreign air operators within Nigeria. This regulation sets forth Foreign Carrier Operating Permit (FCOP) as the requisite authorisation issued by the NCAA. A foreign air carrier operating in and out of Nigeria engaging in scheduled international air services, is required to fulfill specified standards i.e desists from operating sale offices and outlets in cities other than the point(s) of entry specified in the subsisting bilateral air services agreement under which a foreign carrier is designated, and shall be limited to the aerodromes and restricted from distributing tickets through banks and other financial institutions as well as engaging in self-handling.
ALLIED AVIATION SERVICES, (AAS).
AAS are services rendered in support of aircraft operations, aerodromes and such support services which enhance the business of air transportation. The regulations[5] provides for the nature ofbusinesses classified as allied aviation services[6] such as: ground handling, agent of foreign airlines, travel agency, cargo agency and air freight forwarding, inflight catering services, aviation fuel supply, air transport training institutions, aircraft sale or leasing and other aviation related services. Nig Cars 2023 further profiles entities qualified to run these businesses[7], prescribes the relevant resources required to discharge actual and potential obligations, and protects service providers from discrimination against or decline of access to any airline, allied service provider in provision of services or facilities at the airport whilst mandating submission of monthly financial obligations to the NCAA.
CONCLUSION.
Compliance with the provisions of IS 18 Nig. Cars 2023 amongst other things establishes consistency and uniformity across the global aviation industry, allowing for seamless operations, in addition to promoting economic growth. It also reflects the strengths and weaknesses of our domestic aviation policy. For instance, due to the global nature of aviation services strong compliance indicates recognition and adherence to international practices, efficiency in harmonising aviation industry laws within our local context and effective enforcement mechanisms through the imposition of sanctions, penalties and fines, which invariably promotes safety and security of investment within the sector. On the other hand, non-compliance reflects inadequate understanding of the industry and inability to compel stakeholders to uphold the law and practices of the industry. The essence of compliance is strongly rooted in predictability, and enforcements, therefore, potential and existing stakeholders are encouraged to adhere to the provisions of the Nig Cars 2023.
Author: AdeolaOsifeko
[1] Corporate Affairs Operations Checklists 2022 pages 19 and 20
[2] Nigeria Civil Aviation Authority Website, ‘Publication & Implementation of Nig. Cars 2023 – Fourth Amendment to Nigeria Civil Aviation Regulations’ 12 July 2023 https://ncaa.gov.ng/media-center/news/publication-and-implementation-of-nig-cars-2023-fourth-amendment-to-nigeria-civil-aviation-regulations/ Accessed on 4 August 2023
[3] Nigeria Civil Aviation Authority Website, ‘ NCAA Demands Compliance with the Civil Aviation Regulation on Insurance Cover 14 August 2023 ‘ https://ncaa.gov.ng/media-center/news/ncaa-demands-compliance-with-civil-aviation-regulation-on-insurance-cover/ Accessed on 14 August 2023
[4] 2023 Nig Cars, Regulations 18.4.2
[5] 2023 Nig. Cars, Part 18.12
[6] 2023 Nig. Cars, Part 18.12.1.2
[7] 2023 Nig. Cars, Part 18.12.1.3
Adeola is an IP lawyer, transactional and corporate governance practitioner with indigenous legal practice experience and global outlook.She curates corporate commercial content on legal advisory and regulatory compliance needs for startups, SMEs and corporate entities seeking to establish,run and scale their businesses in Nigeria. Her contents are customised to provide pragmatic and relevant answers and legal solutions to Nigerian and foreign entrepreneurs/executives seeking corporate-commercial services.
by Legalnaija | Aug 17, 2023 | Uncategorized
Are you a lawyer or a law firm that wants to increase your social media engagement and reach more potential clients? Do you have great content that deserves more attention and exposure? If you answered yes to any of these questions, then you need to subscribe to LegalNaija!
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by Legalnaija | Aug 15, 2023 | Uncategorized
Why Become A Sports Lawyer
Watching sports, rooting for teams, and celebrating successful players are wildly cherished pastimes around the world. As with other industries, that passion equals profit. In fact, the sports industry is now estimated to be worth more than $500 billion!
Some of the top ten largest sports contracts of all time include;
• Lionel Messi: $673,919,105 for a four-year soccer contract with FC Barcelona
• Patrick Mahomes: $503,000,000 for a 12-year football contract with the Kansas City Chiefs
• Mike Trout: $426,500,000 for a 12-year baseball contract with the Los Angeles Angels
• Mookie Betts: $365,000,000 for a 12-year baseball contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers
• Fernando Tatís Jr.: $340,000,000 for a 14-year baseball contract with the San Diego Padres
• Bryce Harper: $330,000,000 for a 13-year baseball contract with the Philadelphia Phillies
When it comes to sports, we often think about the players, the coaches, the team owners, and the fans. However, there is another important player in the world of sports that we often overlook – the sports lawyer. Sports lawyers are attorneys who specialize in sports law and represent athletes, teams, leagues, and organizations in legal matters related to sports.
What do sports lawyers do?
Sports lawyers come into play by ensuring the system of checks and regulations to ensure that fans, players and clubs do not get exploited.
Sports lawyers represent the legal interests of their clients. The clientele can include individual athletes, players, teams and coaching staff. High level sport equates to a high pressure environment, where typically the smallest margins can make a huge difference.
The tasks and responsibilities of sports lawyers can vary depending on their area of specialization and the clients they represent. However, some common tasks and responsibilities of sports lawyers include:
• Negotiating contracts for athletes, coaches, and other sports personnel
• Advising clients on legal issues related to sports, such as intellectual property rights, sponsorship deals, and licensing agreements
• Representing clients in arbitration or litigation related to sports disputes
• Drafting legal documents such as contracts, sponsorship agreements, and licensing agreements
• Providing legal guidance to sports teams, leagues, and organizations on issues such as labor law and antitrust law
The main priority of a sports lawyer is to make sure that athletes are given a good deal. For example, they help secure and negotiate contracts, sponsorship deals, mediate any disputes that these individuals might have and fight their corners.
So you have got your law degree and are thinking about becoming a sports lawyer but how do you do it? The first step is experience. Don’t worry it doesn’t have to be directly in sports law.
By participating in the Entertainment Law Mastery class, you will learn not only about Sports Law, and how to excel as a Sports Lawyer but you will learn other areas of Entertainment law as well.
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by Legalnaija | Aug 7, 2023 | Uncategorized
In a bid to foster mutual growth and cooperation, the Attorney-General of Osun State, Hon. Oluwole Jimi-Bada paid a courtesy visit to the revered Ooni of Ile-Ife, His Imperial Majesty, Oba (Dr.) Adeyeye Ogunwusi, Ojaja II, CFR, at his palace in Ile-Ife on 6th August, 2023. The meeting was a significant step towards forging stronger developmental ties between Ile-Ife and the Osun State Government.
During the meeting, both parties emphasized the importance of unity and collaboration in advancing the socio-economic development of the State, in a bid to ensure the quick actualization of the five-point agenda of His Excellency, Senator Ademola Adeleke, the indefatigable, forward thinking and cosmopolitan Governor of Osun State. They acknowledged the historical significance of Ile-Ife, as the cradle of the Yoruba race and recognized the vital role it plays in the cultural and economic landscape of Osun State.
The Attorney-General expressed the Osun State Government’s commitment to inclusive development that benefits all citizens, regardless of their class, background or status in the society. He harped on several key areas of focus dear to the heart of His Excellency, Senator Ademola Adeleke, including but not limited to infrastructure development, education, healthcare, tourism, and youth empowerment.
In response, the Ooni of Ile-Ife commended the Government’s unwavering dedication to the progress of Osun State and emphasized the need for the preservation and promotion of the State’s cultural heritage. His Imperial Majesty stressed that by maintaining a delicate balance between modernization and cultural preservation, the development process can be more harmonious and sustainable. Both parties agreed on the importance of fostering public-private partnerships to attract investments and encourage homegrown entrepreneurship, which would lead to job creation and economic growth in the State.
Additionally, parties discussed the significance of sustainable development practices, with a focus on environmental preservation and renewable energy initiatives. The meeting concluded with a renewed commitment to work together towards the collective advancement of Ile-Ife in particular and Osun State in general. The visit marked a significant milestone in the quest to strengthen the bond between the people of Ile-Ife and the Osun State Government, highlighting the shared vision of a prosperous State. By leveraging each other’s strengths and resources, both parties are poised to chart a path of sustainable development that would benefit the people and create a brighter future for generations to come.
Signed:
Debo Oladinni, Esq.
Senior Legal Adviser to the Hon. Attorney-General & Commissioner of Justice, Osun State
by Legalnaija | Aug 5, 2023 | Uncategorized
Energy laws govern the use and taxation of energy, both renewable and non-renewable. Also, Energy lawyers work on a variety of concepts relating to energy. They also work in multiple sectors, including clean energy, nuclear power, oil, and gas.
If you want to perfect your skill in Nigerian Energy Law, here are 6 books available on Legalnaija you should add to your law library.
1. Oil and Gas Law In Nigeria
This includes the ff laws;
– Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act, 2020
-Oil Spill and Oilly Waste Management Regulation
-.Oil Spill Recovery, Clean – Up Remediation And Damage Assessment Regulations, 2011
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2. Essays On Nigerian Electricity Law
This book is a collection of articles on the various issues or aspects of electricity law and regulation in Nigeria. It covers various peer-reviewed articles on the subject such as: “The Pathway to Energy Liberation in Nigeria: Lessons for Namibia”; “Manitoba Hydro and Electricity Undertakings In Developing Countries: The Case of Nigeria”; “Regulation of the Captive Power Generation and Rural Electrification”; “Implications and Challenges of a Privatized Power Sector In Nigeria: Perspectives to Host Community Concerns”; “Comparative Appraisal of Renewable Energy Laws and Policies” (2014); “Challenges and Developments in the Nigerian Power Industry”; “Compulsory Purchase as an Alternative to Revocation of Title to Land for Electricity Purpose in Nigeria”; “Beyond Power Sector Reforms: The Need for Decentralised Energy Options (‘DEOPs’) for Electricity Governance in Nigeria”; “Electricity Regulation and the Protection of Rights of Electricity Consumers In Nigeria: Revisiting Amadi Vs. Essein; “Prospects and Challenges of Expert Determination and Other Dispute Resolutions Mechanism of the Nigerian Electricity Sector” and other essays on the subject of electricity law and regulation.
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3. Nigerian Petroleum, Energy and Gas Resources Law
This book explores the topical and contentious issues of the Nigerian Petroleum, Energy and Gas Resources Law, and the transition to low carbon energy in Nigeria. The legal and business risks confronting financing of oil and gas investments and renewable energy development drive in Nigeria and the way forward.
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4. Nigerian Energy Resources Law and Practice
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5. Understanding Petroleum (Oil & Gas) Transactions and the Nigerian Market
There have been several policies in the Petroleum industry such as those related to local content and domestic gas supply obligations. This book provides a clear Insight about executing transactions, obtaining licenses and other complex issues industry participants encounter
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6. The Nigerian Electricity Market; Understanding The Transactional, Legal & Policy Issues
The books aims at giving industry participants all the necessary negotiating tools as they engage in the complexities within the power sector in Nigeria. The books discusses licenses, agreements, and regulations that operate within the power industry space.
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If you are in search of other law textbooks, you can browse through our bookstore here legalnaija.com/shop
Have a pleasant weekend!.
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by Legalnaija | Jul 29, 2023 | Uncategorized
Data privacy is about who has access to (your) data, while data protection provides tools and policies to actually restrict access to the (your) data.Here is a list of 5 books for Privacy & Data Protection Practitioners.
1. Casebook On Data Protection – ₦20000
The book is divided into fourteen chapters. After an introduction that traces the brief history of data protection in Nigeria, separate chapters are devoted to Definitions, Relationship with other rights; Principles of Data Protection; Exceptions and Derogation; Employment Data; Sensitive Data; Transfer of Data to a Foreign Country; Liability of Data Controllers; Data Subject’s Rights; Data Breach; Remedies; Data Property Rights; Supervisory Authority and Appendices that feature the Nigeria Data Protection Regulation and the NDPR Implementation Framework.
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2. Privacy And Data Protection In Nigeria
-₦10000
Privacy and Data Protection Law in Nigeria is a book written by Olumide Babalola and published in 2021 by Noetico Repertum Inc. The first part of the book deals with one of the two major themes of the book- privacy. This part consists of chapters 1-5. Chapter 1 covers the Definition of Privacy and chapter 2 deals with The Taxonomy and Typology of Privacy.
Part 2 covers data protection and consists of 3 chapters. Chapter 6 covers the Evolution of Data Protection in Nigeria and chapter 7 explores The Sources of Data Protection Law in Nigeria. The part concludes with chapter 8, which considers The Relationship between Data Protection and other Rights.
Part 3 broadly covers the Nigeria Data Protection Regulation (NDPR): Introduction, Scope and Definitions.
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3. European Data Protection Law And Practice ₦40000
European Data Protection: Law and Practice,” which will serve as the textbook for the CIPP/E certification. While the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) promises to unify the approaches of the EU member states, it brings forth challenges as organisations work toward compliance with this robust and comprehensive regulation. Based on the body of knowledge for the Certified Information Privacy Professional/Europe (CIPP/E) certification (ANSI accredited under ISO 17024:2012), European Data Protection is the essential text on the GDPR, pan-European, and national data protection laws. European Data Protection reviews concepts, criteria and obligations of the GDPR and related laws, examines the territorial and material scope of the GDPR, legitimate processing criteria, information provision obligations, data subjects’ rights, security of processing, accountability. You can order the book here https://legalnaija.com/product/european-data-protection-law-and-practice/
4. Emerging Jurisprudence On Privacy And Data Protection In Nigeria ₦10000
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5. Information and Communication Technology Law in Nigeria
₦5500
This book is the first comprehensive discussion of legal issues relating to the information and communications technology (ICT) in Nigeria, with particular reference to English, European, Canadian, and American data.
You can order the book here; https://legalnaija.com/product/information-and-communication-technology-law-in-nigeria/
Check out other law books on the Legalnaija bookstore www.legalnaija.com/shop
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by Legalnaija | Jul 19, 2023 | Uncategorized
Dissolve NBA Women Forum to ensure Gender Equality in law profession – Tolu Aderemi
The Chairman, Arbitration Commission of the International Law Association (ILA) Mr Tolu Aderemi has charged the legal profession to promote gender diversity in every facet of legal practice.
Aderemi equally advocated the dissolution of the NBA Women Forum, saying that there is no NBA Men’s Forum .
He stated this at the Nigerian Bar Association Women Forum (NBAWF) Lagos State Chapter webinar titled ‘Work-Life balance and the legal profession: A social responsibility or a competitive advantage’ held on Tuesday.
Speaking at the Forum as a keynote speaker, Aderemi, who is also a partner at the leading law firm of Perchstone & Graeys LP, said, “it is disconcerting that of the 732 Senior Advocates of Nigeria, only a 4% fraction are ladies.
“ Out of the 37 Attorneys General in Nigeria, only 4 are female. There has been only 1 female Chief Justice of Nigeria whilst, there has been only 6 Justices of the Supreme Court so far,” he explained.
Aderemi also noted that since 1960, there has been only 1 female president of the Nigerian Bar Association whilst the Court of Appeal can only boast of 2 female presidents.
In his further analysis, he stressed
‘it will appear to me (and from statistics) the only 40% of Nigerian lawyers are females. However, we are seeing increasing 61% in public sector roles, 55% in corporate sector, 33% on the bench, 31% as partners in sized law firms and only about 15% are founders of their own law firm’.
,Aderemi advocated that to demonstrate that female lawyers are prepared for gender equality, they should promote the dissolution of the NBA Women Forum, for according to him, there is no NBA Men’s Forum.
This, in his view, should also extend to the dissolution of the Ministry of Women Affairs and Social Development, Nigeria For Women Project and those other Associations established solely for women ostensibly to advocate for women empowerment.
He concluded by saying that unless this is done, their male counterparts will continue to believe the legal profession is exclusively for men and special provision has been made for women. In its stead, Aderemi charged the women participants to jointly move to re-submit the Gender and Equal Opportunities Bill, which sadly the 9th Assembly rejected.
Another keynote speaker who is also very senior lawyer, Mrs Abimbola Akeredolu, SAN, a former Attorney General of Ogun State, a partner at the firm of Banwo & Ighodalo and the chairperson of LASIAC similarly advocated for the dissolution of women-focused empowerment Associations.
Although the learned Silk slightly disagreed with Mr Aderemi by suggesting that the government’s 35% affirmative action be sustained as this goes a long way to support women’s growth.
The third keynote , Dr Amina Ahmed, a Consultant Gynecologist at the Federal Medical Center, Abeokuta, Ogun State charged female lawyers to always conduct health checks periodically to live a cancer-free life.
According to Dr Ahmed, early detection of any cancerous cell(s) in the cervical goes a long way to determining the success of treatment of cervical cancer.
Dr Ahmed therefore charged the women lawyers of the Nigerian Bar Association to take the lead in the advocacy of early detection.
Other prominent participants included Mrs Funke Adekoya, SAN, Dr Dorcas Abah (who served as the Moderator) and a host of other distinguished female lawyers.
